Decentralization Reforms in Pakistan During Ayub and Zia Era

Reforms and Decentralization: Friends or Foes?

Systemic concerns about markets, capitalism and the role of the state in the economy are salient again. Relatively large-scale reforms of economic and social arrangements are seriously considered. Historical experience suggests that reforms of that kind are sometimes associated with important changes in institutional arrangements pertaining to political decentralization. To explore the relation...

Economic Reforms and Macroeconomic Management in Pakistan

Pakistan was one of the few developing countries that had achieved an average growth rate of over 5 percent over a four decade period ending 1990. Consequently, the incidence of poverty had declined from 40 percent to 18 percent by the end of 1980s. But the 1990s proved to be a lost decade for Pakistan, Growth in per capita income dropped to slightly over 1 percent. Poverty resurfaced and about...

Local Government Reforms In Pakistan : Context , Content And Causes

Government's Role in Pakistan Agriculture: Major Reforms are Needed

simulation and experimental studies for prediction mineral scale formation in oil field during mixing of injection and formation water

abstract: mineral scaling in oil and gas production equipment is one of the most important problem that occurs while water injection and it has been recognized to be a major operational problem. the incompatibility between injected and formation waters may result in inorganic scale precipitation in the equipment and reservoir and then reduction of oil production rate and water injection rate. ...